Demystifying FAA Part 135 for Single-Engine Piston Operations
Navigating the complex world of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations can be a daunting task for any aircraft operator. For those considering commercial operations with single-engine piston aircraft, understanding the nuances of Part 135 is paramount. This set of regulations governs “Commuter and On-Demand Operations,” establishing stringent requirements to ensure the highest level of safety for passengers and cargo alike.1 While the idea of utilizing a single-engine piston aircraft for commercial purposes might seem straightforward, the FAA imposes specific conditions that demand meticulous adherence.
THE EVOLUTION OF PART 135 FOR SINGLE-ENGINE AIRCRAFT
Historically, single-engine aircraft faced significant limitations under Part 135, particularly regarding instrument flight rules (IFR) and over-the-top operations with passengers. The underlying concern has always been the lack of redundant engine power in the event of a mechanical failure. However, advancements in engine reliability, avionics, and pilot training have led to a more nuanced approach from the FAA. While the core principle of safety remains, certain modern single-engine piston aircraft, when equipped and operated under specific conditions, can indeed qualify for Part 135 passenger-carrying operations. This evolution reflects the aviation industry’s commitment to continuous improvement and the FAA’s responsiveness to technological progress. Operators who have diligently invested in their aircraft and training programs have found this openness from the FAA a testament to their commitment to safety, building confidence in the industry as a whole.
ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PART 135 CERTIFICATION
Obtaining a Part 135 operating certificate for single-engine piston aircraft involves a comprehensive evaluation of the operator, aircraft, and proposed operations. The FAA’s meticulous process ensures that only those demonstrating an unwavering commitment to safety and regulatory compliance are granted authorization.2
AIRCRAFT REQUIREMENTS: While single-engine piston aircraft are permitted, they must meet specific performance and equipment standards. For passenger-carrying operations over-the-top or in IFR conditions, the aircraft must be capable of a safe descent under Visual Flight Rules (VFR) in the event of an engine failure. This often necessitates dual independent electrical power-generating sources and redundant systems for critical instruments.3 The aircraft must have a maximum seating capacity of 9 passenger seats or fewer and a maximum payload of 7,500 pounds or less. All aircraft must be maintained under an approved aircraft inspection program, going beyond the typical Part 91 requirements to ensure robust maintenance schedules and comprehensive record-keeping. Any time or cycle-limited components must have complete, traceable maintenance records, or they will be considered “zero timed.”4
PILOT QUALIFICATIONS: The pilot in command (PIC) for Part 135 operations faces significantly higher experience and qualification thresholds than those for Part 91 flights. For VFR operations, a commercial pilot certificate with appropriate ratings, at least 500 hours of total pilot time (including 100 hours cross-country and 25 hours night), and an instrument rating (or ATP certificate) are generally required. For IFR operations, the requirements are even more stringent, demanding at least 1,200 hours of flight time as a pilot, including 500 hours of cross-country, 100 hours of night, and 75 hours of actual or simulated instrument time (with at least 50 hours in actual flight). These elevated standards ensure that pilots operating commercially possess the experience and proficiency to handle diverse flight conditions and unforeseen circumstances. The consistency in training and rigorous checks create a strong foundation of safety.
OPERATIONAL SPECIFICATIONS AND MANUALS: A critical component of Part 135 certification is the development of a comprehensive General Operations Manual (GOM) and a General Maintenance Manual (GMM) if applicable to your operations. These manuals detail every aspect of the operator’s procedures, from flight planning and dispatch to emergency protocols and maintenance schedules.5 The FAA scrutinizes these documents to ensure they align with all applicable regulations and demonstrate a clear commitment to safe practices. The certification process is a collaborative effort with the local FAA Flight Standards District Office (FSDO), emphasizing the importance of a strong, consistent relationship.6
MAINTENANCE AND SAFETY – THE CORNERSTONE OF PART 135
Part 135 places an exceptional emphasis on maintenance and safety.7 Unlike Part 91 operations, where maintenance is largely the owner’s responsibility, Part 135 mandates a far more rigorous and documented maintenance program.8 This includes detailed inspection programs, strict adherence to manufacturer recommendations for time between overhauls (TBOs), and meticulous record-keeping. The FAA conducts conformity checks on every aircraft intended for Part 135 operations to verify its airworthiness and compliance with all requirements.9
This unwavering focus on maintenance is a testament to the authority the FAA wields in ensuring public safety. It’s not just about fixing things when they break; it’s about proactive, preventative maintenance that significantly reduces the risk of in-flight emergencies. Operators who embrace this philosophy not only meet regulatory requirements but also build a reputation for reliability and safety, attracting more business and reinforcing their standing in the industry.
HOW THE AERO CENTER SUPPORTS YOUR PART 135 ENDEAVORS
For operators in California, Arizona, and Nevada looking to meet or exceed FAA Part 135 requirements for their single-engine piston aircraft, The Aero Center stands ready to assist. We understand the intricacies of these regulations and the commitment required to achieve and maintain certification.
Our team of experienced aviation mechanics specializes in single-engine and twin-piston aircraft, offering comprehensive maintenance services that align perfectly with Part 135 demands. From detailed pre-certification inspections and conformity checks to ongoing scheduled maintenance, engine trend monitoring, and unexpected repairs, we ensure your aircraft meets every regulatory standard. Our deep understanding of Lycoming and other piston engine systems allows us to provide expert care that extends the life and reliability of your aircraft.
What truly sets The Aero Center apart is our commitment to minimizing your aircraft’s downtime. We are the only 24/7 maintenance center in the area, offering unparalleled flexibility and rapid response times. This means less time on the ground for your aircraft and more time in the air, generating revenue and serving your clients. Our around-the-clock operation demonstrates our consistent dedication to our clients’ success, a quality that our satisfied customers can readily attest to through their continued trust in our services. When you choose The Aero Center, you’re not just getting a mechanic; you’re gaining a partner committed to the success and safety of your commercial operations.
CONCLUSION
Operating single-engine piston aircraft under FAA Part 135 is a significant undertaking, demanding rigorous adherence to regulations concerning aircraft airworthiness, pilot qualifications, and operational procedures. While challenging, it is an achievable goal for those committed to the highest standards of safety and professionalism. The evolving regulatory landscape and the increasing capabilities of modern single-engine aircraft offer a viable path for commercial ventures. By understanding and embracing the stringent requirements, operators can successfully navigate the certification process and contribute to the safe and efficient provision of on-demand air services.
FOOTNOTES
- Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR). 14 CFR Part 135 — Operating Requirements: Commuter and On-Demand Operations and Rules Governing Persons On Board Such Aircraft.10 https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-G/part-135
- National Business Aviation Association (NBAA). Starting a Part 135 Operation. https://nbaa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/starting-a-part-135-operation.pdf
- Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). General Requirements for Certification (Part 135). https://www.faa.gov/licenses_certificates/airline_certification/135_certification/general_req
- Law.Cornell.Edu. 14 CFR § 135.243 – Pilot in command qualifications.11 https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/14/135.243
The Aero Center is located at William J. Fox Airfield KWJF | Lancaster, CA. Contact us at 209.885.6950 for questions or appointments.